Blockchain Primitives

Understand the building blocks of decentralized networks

User Experience (1)

User Experience 0 chains

Account Abstraction

Smart contract accounts that enable programmable transaction validation and improved UX

smart contractswalletsgas

DeFi (3)

DeFi 0 chains

Automated Market Maker (AMM)

Algorithm-based trading mechanism that provides liquidity through mathematical formulas

liquidity poolssmart contractsdefi
DeFi 0 chains

Liquid Staking

Protocols that issue tradeable tokens representing staked assets

stakingproof of stakedefi
DeFi 0 chains

Liquidity Pools

Smart contract reserves of tokens that enable decentralized trading and lending

automated market makersmart contractsdefi

Interoperability (1)

Interoperability 0 chains

Bridges

Protocols enabling asset and data transfer between different blockchain networks

layer 2validatorssmart contracts

Consensus (7)

Consensus 0 chains

Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)

Consensus approach enabling agreement even when some participants are malicious

proof of stakevalidatorsfinality
Consensus 1 chains

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)

Consensus mechanism where token holders vote for delegates who validate transactions

proof of stakevalidatorsgovernance
Consensus 0 chains

Finality

The guarantee that blockchain transactions cannot be reversed or altered

proof of stakebyzantine fault toleranceproof of work
Consensus 1 chains

Proof of History

Cryptographic clock providing verifiable passage of time

proof of stake
Consensus 72 chains

Proof of Stake

Consensus mechanism where validators stake tokens to secure the network

delegated proof of stakeproof of work
Consensus 17 chains

Proof of Work

Consensus mechanism requiring computational work to create new blocks

proof of stake
Consensus 1 chains

Staking

Locking cryptocurrency to participate in network security and earn rewards

proof of stakevalidatorsliquid staking

Applications (1)

Applications 7 chains

Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Financial services built on blockchain without traditional intermediaries

smart contractsliquidity poolsautomated market maker

Architecture (1)

Architecture 2 chains

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

Data structure where transactions confirm each other without traditional blocks

proof of workfinalityconsensus

Execution (3)

Execution 38 chains

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)

The runtime environment for smart contracts on Ethereum and compatible chains

smart contractsoptimistic rollupzk rollup
Execution 120 chains

Smart Contracts

Self-executing programs that run on blockchain networks

evmsolidity
Execution 8 chains

UTXO Model

Unspent Transaction Output model for tracking blockchain balances

proof of work

Economics (2)

Economics 0 chains

Gas

Unit measuring computational effort required to execute blockchain operations

smart contractsevmlayer 2
Economics 0 chains

Tokenomics

The economic design of cryptocurrency tokens including supply, distribution, and incentives

governancestakinggas

Organization (1)

Organization 0 chains

Governance

Mechanisms for decentralized decision-making in blockchain protocols

smart contractsproof of stakedao

Scalability (2)

Scalability 0 chains

Layer 2

Scaling solutions that process transactions off-chain while inheriting base layer security

optimistic rollupzk rollupbridges
Scalability 2 chains

Sharding

Technique that partitions blockchain state and processing across multiple groups

layer 2validatorsfinality

Cryptography (1)

Cryptography 0 chains

Merkle Trees

Data structure enabling efficient verification of large datasets using cryptographic hashes

proof of worksmart contractslayer 2

Network (2)

Network 0 chains

Nodes

Computers that maintain, validate, and propagate blockchain data

validatorsproof of stakeproof of work
Network 0 chains

Validators

Nodes that verify transactions and produce blocks in Proof of Stake networks

proof of stakestakingfinality

Scaling (3)

Scaling 4 chains

Optimistic Rollups

Layer 2 scaling solution that assumes transactions are valid by default

zk rollupevm
Scaling 1 chains

Subnets

Independent blockchain networks with custom rules and validators

proof of stake
Scaling 6 chains

ZK Rollups

Layer 2 scaling using zero-knowledge proofs for instant finality

optimistic rollupzero knowledge proofs

Infrastructure (1)

Infrastructure 1 chains

Oracles

Services that provide external data to blockchain smart contracts

smart contractsdefibridges

User Interface (1)

User Interface 0 chains

Wallets

Software or hardware that manages private keys and enables blockchain interaction

smart contractsaccount abstractiongas